Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. /Prev 679084 % But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. Add to folder Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. He must be a genius." This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. startxref anything important? Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Don't have time for it all now? How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. From this point on they diverged somewhat. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. /ImageC Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Some have already been discussed. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? 0000000868 00000 n They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. 4. & KING, B.T. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. 0000000974 00000 n Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. OP>$O '@n#}  C Cite details from the essay that support your response. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. This is an example of which rule of attraction? The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? DISCUSSION. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? /Info 46 0 R The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). <> This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. 0 You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. endobj Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. Don't see what you need? How do we explain this? Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Festinger, L. (1957). There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. In groupthink, members of the group______. 0000011828 00000 n . In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. Dr. Nekita Fuller (The secretary had left the office.) (Goleman, 1991). 1. B. Social Researcher. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. by meredith_davis9, The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Instead the opposite happened. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. endobj Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." Some have already been discussed. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. (Boulding, 1969). 112 It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. >> A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. This is an example of_______ cause. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. %%EOF Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. endobj
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