When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 1, 1989, pp. [8][9] About 100 Kassite tablets were found at Dur-Kurigalzu. Gasche et al. 247 ff., 258 f.). A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. Mid-12th Century. Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. Kassites. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. and accepts with reservations V. G. Gurzadyans eclipse identifications (1458 and 1451 BCE). In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. 11-15). Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). How Long In Prison? 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). 88 f.). Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. "Kassite." Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. 1, 2006, pp. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Mesopotamian History and The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. Abraham, K. (2013). H. H. Paper, rev. 04 Mar 2023. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. Bill T. Arnold. Paper, 1956, p. 252). Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. 3, 1982, pp. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. 17-22. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? 8, 1966, pp. 209-23. 233-42. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). 58 f., 65 f.; cf. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. We care about our planet! First Century Israel Map - [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. License. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. Yanoam is made non-existent. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? XVI, Fasc. )], Buga[u?] Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . "18. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . 2 (1957), pp. Diakonoff, Warminster, 1982, pp. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Kassite period. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. 65, no. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. 54, 1992, pp. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. diss., Columbia University, 2002. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. Last modified August 03, 2011. "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. Idem, rev. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. 231-246, Brinkman, J. Agum the prince (? "Kassite" redirects here. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 412-18. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. 93, no. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. Chen, Fei (2020). The Early Kassite Period". Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi 415 f.). 14151155 BCE." First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. 257 ff. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. 211 f.). The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. Click here to find out more about this unique and fun Bible study tool! Museum, B. A terminus post quem for the Kassites penetration into the Middle Euphrates region and Upper Mesopotamia in general can be deduced from the absence of Kassite names.in the rich documentation from early Old Babylonian Mari, Tuttul, Tall Lln, and Chaghar Bazar. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. 32, no. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). to 540 B.C. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. It does not store any personal data. 19-38. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 38, no. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 31-51. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. MacGinnis, J. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. It was located near the Euphrates River . Volume 2 Kardunia. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. kassites in the bible. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. 44 f., 59). 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". The third people group is thought be Israel. Aarhus Univ. 88-124, Clayden, Tim. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. Wikimedia "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. 437-478, Malko, Helen. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. 135-38. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. See also IRAN vii. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. 224 f.). Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. 279-84. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. This was followed by Dynasty II of Isin (1169-1039 b.c. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. 166-195, Frans van Koppen (2006). 1-48. In time, a new dynasty emerged. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments.
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