How To Fix Buzz Lightyear Voice Box, Articles D

Bacteria, for instance, use it as a way to reproduce. Bacteria, archaea, many plants, fungi, and many mammals are examples of creatures that reproduce asexually (Lumen, 2013). Aside from the reproductive process taking next to no time at all with binary fission the actual growth and development of that reproduced organism is also quite rapid. During sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents. This process helps protect the eggs until hatching. }. 2. Starfish, like the one in Figure below, reproduce this way. Intracellular offspring development in these bacteria shares characteristics with endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis. Zip. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction? K. Gerdes, J. Mller-Jensen, G. Ebersbach, T. Kruse and K. Nordstrm. Binary fission and mitosis are both forms of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. amoeba). If the male dies, a female increases in size, changes sex, and becomes the new dominant male. There are many disadvantages of asexual reproduction; some of them are: They affect diversity in a population because they share the same trait and characteristics with their parents . 1.12). The baeocyte begins to grow, eventually forming a vegetative cell up to 30 m in diameter. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. answer choices Ability to reproduce in the absence of a mate Results in low genetic variation of the species Allows for more genetic variation in the offspring Takes less time to produce offspring Ability to reproduce rapidly Question 12 30 seconds Q. Some of these species live in closely coordinated schools with a dominant male and a large number of smaller females. Most non-avian reptiles and insects produce leathery eggs, while birds and some turtles produce eggs with high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the shell, making them hard. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. It is also how many organisms produce offspring. External fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water. Some protists and eukaryotic organelles divide via fission. Only one parent is involved. The main disadvantage of binary fission is the passing of defects and disease directly to the offspring. Biology Asexual Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary fission Budding Vegetative propagation Description Who does Lower animals (regeneration for reproduction) (b) It generally leads to overcrowding and struggle for existence. Ov.. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by specialized glands and they were produced by switching on the genes designe.. Plants protect themselves by releasing hydrogen peroxide to fight against fungal invasion. Sexual Reproduction _____ There are five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What would be a possible disadvantage of asexual reproduction. Meiosis only occurs in sex cells (gamete formation) and produces daughter cells with half of the chromosomes of the parent cell. A key component of this machinery is the protein FtsZ. (E) Once offspring development is complete the mother cell dies and releases the offspring. The process is similar to prokaryotic fission. If the conditions are ideal however (such as in a laboratory setting) prokaryotes have the ability to rapidly produce from millions to billions of new cells. Do you know why this is the case? This allows for the binary fission process to really compound and multiply rapidly, going from a single parent organism to hundreds or even thousands of reproduced organisms in no time at all. Regular transverse fission in some organisms, such as tapeworms and scyphostome polyps, is called strobilation. On top of the disadvantage above, binary fission also dramatically reduces the amount of genetic diversity in of reproduced organisms which is only going to hinder their ability to survive. Binary fission is an asexual type of reproduction. Disadvantages: No genetic recombination can occur except for a mutation. Multiple fission is more often observed among protists. Microbiological Reviews (1978) vol. It is possible that the asexual reproduction observed occurred in response to unusual circumstances and would normally not occur. Some eukaryotic cells can divide via fission. This can occur either inside (internal fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the body of the female. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Sexual Sexual reproduction produces genetically unique offspring. Asexual reproduction is the most common among protists. Fission, also called binary fission, occurs in some invertebrate, multi-celled organisms. Their DNA consists of one or two circular chromosomes. In both processes, if everything goes as planned, the daughter cells contain an exact copy of the parent cell's DNA. For example, species of turbellarian flatworms commonly called the planarians, such as Dugesia dorotocephala, are able to separate their bodies into head and tail regions and then regenerate the missing half in each of the two new organisms. Because a bacterial cell is a complete organism, fission is a form of reproduction. The children resemble their parents, but they are not identical to them. Viruses are either DNA or RNA strands surrounded by a protein coat. Easily the biggest advantage of all the advantages that binary fission brings to the table, the ability to completely reproduce another living organism from a single parent organism is significant. The W appears to be essential in determining the sex of the individual, similar to the Y chromosome in mammals. A cell wall then forms along the septum and the cell pinches in two, forming the daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated prior to mitosis whereas this stage occurs as part of binary fission. Budding occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as hydras and corals. ThoughtCo, Feb. 17, 2021, thoughtco.com/binary-fission-vs-mitosis-similarities-and-differences-4170307. A new starfish can develop from a single ray, or arm. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis, which is described in detail in a subsequent concept. For many single-celled organisms, reproduction is a similar process. While errors in replication in fission are a way to introduce genetic diversity in prokaryotes, errors in mitosis can cause serious problems in eukaryotes (e.g., cancer). 3. This is an advantage for many organisms. A few metazoan (multicellular) species regularly undergo a body division into several units simultaneously, a process called fragmentation. That is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction. The extracellular matrix eventually tears open, releasing the baeocytes. The main disadvantage of binary fission is the passing of defects and disease directly to the offspring. Join our discussion: Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction. In longitudinal binary fission, the cell divides longitudinally. The genetic material of the parent is equally shared between the two offspring, meaning that both animals are exact genetic copies. Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male and heterozygous (ZW) results in a female. Several organisms perform binary fission. Amitosis ( a- + mitosis ), also called karyostenosis or direct cell division or binary fission, is cell proliferation that does not occur by mitosis, the mechanism usually identified as essential for cell division in eukaryotes. Giant amoebas reproduce by binary fission, a fancy word that means splitting in two. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. The content on this website is for information only. In some sea stars, a new individual can be regenerated from a broken arm and a piece of the central disc. A Genetics Definition of Homologous Chromosomes, What Are Prokaryotic Cells? Inside a bacterial cell, the stages are as follows: (1) genomic replication, (2) chromosome segregation, and (3) cytokinesis. Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, and ants, wasps, and bees. Furthermore, spindle fibers are one of the features that define mitosis. Mitochondria, one of the major organelles in eukaryotic cells, divide by binary fission. Disadvantages . A complex process that requires more time than binary fission. in cyanobacterium Stanieria)1, the result is an offspring that has the same genome as the parent. The offsprings produced are exact copies of the parent, there is no variation. D. S. Weiss. Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a form of sexual reproduction in which a cell divides its genetic material between the two daughter cells. Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize, but typically they will mate with another of their species, fertilizing each other and both producing offspring. Irregular In irregular binary fission, the cell divides at any plane. The process starts by creating a replicate of the genetic material. Conceptually this is a simple process; a cell just needs to grow to twice its starting size and then split in two. Protozoa are examples of eukaryotes that can reproduce by binary fission. Errors occur, but more rarely than in fission. Asexual reproduction in fungi: 1. Find out why it has some advantages over sexual reproduction. Asexual Reproduction: In asexual reproduction, the haploid gametes of the male and females are not formed like sexual reproduction. The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. DNA is copied, and 2 daughter chromosomes attach to different regions on the plasma membrane, cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells . Understand how pathogenic bacteria can cause botulism, typhoid, cholera, and pneumonia, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/binary-fission. For example, some swordtail fish have three sex chromosomes in a population. During multiple fission, organism divides itself into numerous daughter cells. a- They are ineffective against virus. 4. All Rights Reserved, Differences Between Binary Fission and Mitosis, Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction, Function: cell growth (in numbers) in multicellular organisms, Stages: chromosome duplication, chromosome segregation, cytokinesis, Stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, Product: two cells with an identical genome, Binary Fission and other Forms of Reproduction in Bacteria | Department of Microbiology. The Main Difference Between Binary Fission and Mitosis. reproduces asexually. Zoospores: Members of kingdom fungi and algae reproduce through special asexual reproductive structures called zoospores (Fig. Another disadvantage of binary fission is the chance of evolution being low, as. The cytoplasm is subsequently cleaved into two by a new cell membrane forming (cytokinesis). You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. What are three types of asexual reproduction? In many turtles, cooler temperatures during egg incubation produce males and warm temperatures produce females, while in many other species of turtles, the reverse is true. All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce this way. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This cell is referred to as a baeocyte (which literally means "small cell"). Humans provide an example of the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example of the latter. There are three ways that offspring are produced following internal fertilization. Use this resource to answer the questions that follow. Fission. Individuals homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous individuals (XY) are male. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/binary-fission-vs-mitosis-similarities-and-differences-4170307. What is the main disadvantage of antibiotics that the scientists are working on? Paramecium is an example of a protozoan whose binary fission is transverse-type. Asexual Reproduction. The process occurs in very less time. So individuals may not be able to adapt to changing environment. It allows them to crowd out other organisms that reproduce more slowly. Some fish, crustaceans, insects (such as butterflies and moths), and reptiles use the ZW system. If the individual is female first, it is termed protogyny or first female, if it is male first, it is termed protandry or first male. Oysters are born male, grow in size, and become female and lay eggs. Stanieria never undergoes binary fission. This is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction. There are two basic types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Any information here should not be considered absolutely correct, complete, and up-to-date. DNA attaches to the spindle for division. The difference between the two is level of internal organization. Children resemble their parents, but they are never identical to them. 5 BINARY FISSION, BUDDING, AND BIOFILMS Growth: increase in the number of cells Binary fission: cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size Septum: partition between dividing cells, pinches off between two daughter cells Generation time: time required for microbial cells to double in number Updates? No formation of gametes or fertilization takes place. This machinery is positioned so that division splits the cytoplasm and does not damage DNA in the process. In this video, we go over the steps involved in Binary fission in prokaryotes. Species that reproduce sexually (and have separate sexes) must maintain two different types of individuals, males and females. Reproduction through fragmentation is observed in sponges, some cnidarians, turbellarians, echinoderms, and annelids. Population may lack variety to survive in changing conditions. The cell enters the non-dividing part of the cell cycle, which is called interphase. If they did, the entire surface of the planet would soon be covered with them. Most bacteria rely on binary fission for propagation. 2. Instead, the.. Some examples of the asexual reproduction are the production of single-celled organisms through binary fission and formation of spore in fungi and plants. The following are a few examples of some of these unusual forms of bacterial reproduction. Only a single parent is involved in this process. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. Higher vertebrates: regeneration never exceeds the healing of wounds, especially those located in the skin, blood vessels and muscles. Although budding has been extensively studied in the eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the molecular mechanisms of bud formation in bacteria are not known. View Asexual Reproduction.docx from AP CHEMISTRY 101 at Severn School. Protists can reproduce asexually through binary fission, one nucleus divides; multiple fission, many nuclei divide; and budding. Before using our website, please read our Privacy Policy. Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, switching from one to the other. Advantages. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Ants, bees, and wasps use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones). However, most bacteria do not live under ideal conditions. Answer (1 of 3): No, viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Legal. A disadvantage of this type of reproduction is the lack of genetic variation. Fisheries workers have been known to try to kill the sea stars eating their clam or oyster beds by cutting them in half and throwing them back into the ocean. Examples of multiple fission are . What is Chromatin's Structure and Function? PDF. As shown, the method of bacterial replication appears to be fast and simple. The linear chromosomes replicate and condense early in mitosis, in prophase. Disadvantages. Patterns of growth and development in pleurocapsalean cyanobacteria, J.B. Waterbury and R.Y. For example, algae and Sporozoa may divide via multiple fission in which several copies of a cell are made simultaneously. Both daughter cells should be identical however since mutations can occur, some daughter cells may be slightly different [5]. In an unstable or unpredictable environment asexually-reproducing species may be at a disadvantage because all the offspring are genetically identical and may not have the genetic variation to survive in new or different conditions. As division occurs, the cytoplasm is cleaved in two, and in many bacteria, new cell wall is synthesized. Instead of placing the FtsZ ring at the center of the cell, as in binary fission, (A) Z rings are placed near both cell poles in Epulopiscium. The different types of plant tissues are m.. While there are some single-celled eukaryotic organisms, mitosis is most often used for growth and repair rather than reproduction. Takes place in weak Paramecium. All organisms can potentially reproduce. ThoughtCo. live in a marine habitat. For some of these bacteria, this process appears to be the only way to reproduce. Binary fission is the division of a single-celled organism into two roughly equal parts. In other organisms, part of the individual separates, forming a second . uses -advantage- quick-disadvantage- 24hr time req. Binary fission and mitosis are types of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. The . Definition: the asexual mode of reproduction wherein a parent cell divides into two cells, and each cell will grow to the size of the parent cell. Microtubules help align chromosomes on the spindle in metaphase. Daughter cells sometimes get unequal numbers of chromosomes. After its nucleus doubles, the amoeba constricts in the middle, as if a belt were being pulled tight around it. b- They have side effects. Internal fertilization may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating. It starts out as a small, spherical cell approximately 1 to 2 m in diameter. 1. Sexual reproduction is the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring. This cell is referred to as a baeocyte (which literally means "small cell"). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Because of the speed of bacterial cell division, populations of bacteria can grow very rapidly. Bird sex determination is dependent on the combination of Z and W chromosomes. Define gamete and zygote. 359-366. 1. Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by meiosis. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 4.9. Bacterial mitotic machineries. While binary fission is for reproductive purposes mitosis is primarily for growth in multicellular organisms. Take the Biology Quiz Binary Fission! Under ideal conditions, 100 bacteria can divide to produce millions of bacterial cells in just a few hours! Asexual reproduction occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) and in many eukaryotic, single-celled and multi-celled organisms. DNA replication and separation occur at the same time. measures how much co2 in a culture The order and timing of these processes (DNA replication, DNA segregation, division site selection, invagination of the cell envelope and synthesis of new cell wall) are tightly controlled. E. R. Angert. Question 10. In biology, binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell. The eggs of the egg-laying mammals such as the platypus and echidna are leathery. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Home, Deans Inclusive Excellence Seminar Series. There are several different methods of asexual reproduction. Samantha Fowler (Clayton State University), Rebecca Roush (Sandhills Community College), James Wise (Hampton University). - Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell. This occurs in some bony fish, some reptiles, a few cartilaginous fish, some amphibians, a few mammals, and all birds. Copying the round chromosome starts at a site called the origin of replication and moves in both directions, forming two replication sites. They will become a somatic cell that will either develop into a specialized differentiated cell or a cell that divides mitotically to give rise to another set of new cells. 1. It will succumb to the laws of entropy one day. But, to remain viable and competitive, a bacterium must divide at the right time, in the right place, and must provide each offspring with a complete copy of its essential genetic material. When a giant amoeba begins to divide, it pulls its pseudopodia in to form a kind of ball. The source genetic material and all its weaknesses will be passed on to the replicated and reproduced organism as a carbon copy. Fibers organize to form a structure called the mitotic spindle. In mammals, the presence of a Y chromosome causes the development of male characteristics and its absence results in female characteristics. - Binary fission occurs in . 3: Occurs with only one parent. Daughter cells are identical to each other and to their parent cell. Sea anemones (Cnidaria), such as species of the genus Anthopleura (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)), will divide along the oral-aboral axis, and sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) of the genus Holothuria, will divide into two halves across the oral-aboral axis and regenerate the other half in each of the resulting individuals. Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. Binary fission budding and fragmentation are the several modes of asexual reproduction. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the letter n. Why does the zygote have 2n, or twice as many, chromosomes? Binary fission is common among prokaryotes, e.g. Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms, and snails (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)) are often hermaphroditic. Other components of the division apparatus then assemble at the FtsZ ring. Internal fertilization occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. Kofi Annan: Importance of Youth Leadership, Youth Leadership in Community Development, Taking Youth Leadership to the Next Level, How We Are Helping Chinese Disabled Youth, 22 Good Songs for Candle Lighting Ceremony, Front Loading Washing Machines Pros and Cons List, Flat Organisational Structure Pros and Cons List, 13 Key Pros and Cons of Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan, 35 Good Songs For 50th Birthday Slideshow, 42 Good Songs for 70th Birthday Slideshow, 22 Good Songs for 18th Birthday Slideshow. In many other organisms, two parents are involved, and the offspring are not identical to the parents. Example: Bacteria Mitosis includes a checkpoint to make certain both copies of DNA are identical. A single individual can produce offspring asexually and large numbers of . The word asexual describes a reproduction that occurs without involving sex cells (gametes). the Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria) and the prosthecate Proteobacteria. Nearly all fish spawn, as do crustaceans (such as crabs and shrimp), mollusks (such as oysters), squid, and echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers). { "2.01:_Osmosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Common_Parts_of_the_Cell" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_Prokaryotic_and_Eukaryotic_Cells" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_Phospholipid_Bilayers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.06:_Membrane_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.07:_Cytoplasm_and_Cytoskeletons" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.08:_Cell_Nucleus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.09:_Ribosomes_and_Mitochondria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.10:_Other_Cell_Organelles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.11:_Plant_Cell_Structures" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.12:_Organization_of_Cells" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.13:_Diffusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.14:_Facilitated_Diffusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.15:__Active_Transport" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.16:_Sodium-Potassium_Pump" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.17:_Exocytosis_and_Endocytosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.18:__Autotrophs_and_Heterotrophs" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.19:_Glucose_and_ATP" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.20:_Chloroplasts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.21:_Light_Reactions_of_Photosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.22:__Calvin_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.23:_Photosynthesis_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.24:_Chemosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.25:_Anaerobic_vs_Aerobic_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.26:_Cellular_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.27:_Glycolysis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.28:_Krebs_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.29:_Electron_Transport" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.30:_Fermentation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.31:_Anaerobic_and_Aerobic_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.32:_Cell_Division" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.33:_Cell_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.34:_Chromosomes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.35:_Mitosis_and_Cytokinesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.36:_Asexual_vs._Sexual_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.37:_Meiosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.38:__Gametogenesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.39:_Genetic_Variation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.40:_Reproductive_Life_Cycles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Cell_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Genetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Molecular_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Prokaryotes_and_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Protists_and_Fungi" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Animals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Invertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Vertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Human_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:ck12", "program:ck12", "license:ck12", "source@http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)%2F02%253A_Cell_Biology%2F2.36%253A_Asexual_vs._Sexual_Reproduction, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaSIjIzAtYA, ://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/reproduction/, source@http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.