International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Strategies to improve the potential of transdermal devices by enhancing the skin permeation of therapeutic entities. (2013). The Mark-Houwink exponent bears the signature of a three-dimensional configuration of a polymer chain in the solvent environment. As a consequence of the diversity in their origin, the set of classical universal size independent quantities suffers from shortcomings. (more or less, with a hydrodynamic radius of less than 100 nm) to cross from the vasculature into the interstitium. Dextrans can function efficiently as anterograde or retrograde tracers, 2012;3(1):208. The intrinsic viscosity classical theory of random coils at conditions []0 predicts the quotient a0 = d ln[]0/d ln M to decrease from unity to 0.5 as the chain length increases. Quintanilla-Pineda M, Achou CG, Daz J, Gutirrez-Falcon A, Bravo M, Herrera-Muoz JI, Pea-Navarro N, Alvarado C, Ibaez FC, Marzo F. Foods. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. Sung-Wook Choi. Part of Ionic Polymers Based on Dextran: Hydrodynamic Properties in Aqueous Solution and Solvent Mixtures. osmotic pressure or light scattering). Figure2 shows TEWL values measured before and immediately following the treatment of human cadaver skin with the microporation device. Terms and Conditions, 2009;6(4):34354. Guner, A.; Kibarer, G. (2001). All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. The values of 0 decreases from 2.5429 to 2.3326 x 1023mol-1 demonstrating a relative flexibility of particles. Physicochemical studies of oligodextran. Just in case anyone wants to use a different molecular weight to estimate the hydrodynamic size: the calculator is integrated into the classic Zeta The site is secure. Pathan IB, Setty CM. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Gums and stabilisers for the Food Industry, 5, 447-450. Advances in chemistry series Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., pp. Dextran standards with sequence molecular weight from 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa were utilized for the plot of calibration curve. (1990). "Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. Although, intrinsic viscosity is a molecular parameter that can be interpreted in terms of molecular conformation, it does not offer as high resolution on molecular structure as other methods such as Light Scattering, Circular Dichroism, Sedimentation Velocity, Sedimentation Equilibrium, Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALLS), High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), NMR, X-rays, etc. Accessibility The same way, many of these authors emphasize the non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran molecular weight range from 9 to 2000kDa [3,5,8,16, 37,38]. 2008;26(11):12618. The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. Springer Nature. Synthesis and characterization of blue dextrans. Kuge Takashi; Kimie Kobayashi; Shinichi Kitamura; Hiroshi Tanahashi. 2012;9(2):14754. Intrinsic viscosity molecular weight relationship. Table 1 shows some values of dextrans Mark-Houwink parameters, from literature consulted, where all data are based on the logarithmic plot of intrinsic viscosity [] and molecular weight Mw. Pharmaceut Sci Tech. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity is given by the chain flexibility parameter (dln[]/dT), which gives information about the conformation of the macromolecule chain in solution [62]. Sintov AC, Krymberk I, Daniel D, Hannan T, Sohn Z, Levin G. Radiofrequency-driven skin microchanneling as a new way for electrically assisted transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs. This is because the macromolecule hydrodynamic radius changes the solution type and temperature via change in their chain exibility. Chen Rong Huei; Min Lang Tsai (1998). For data requests, please contact the authors. American Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013, 1(3), 60-66. 8. Schematic illustration of transdermal delivery after the application of the microporation device. Saudi Pharm J. Format). J Appl Toxicol. WebDextran displays excellent biocompatibility and have been used clinically for over 50 years. The intrinsic viscosity calculation requires several concentrations, and because of this inconvenient will not use the Huggins method in this paper. Correspondence to a Microscopy images of micropore and b quantified data using ImageJ after 0 (immediately), 4, 8, and 24h according to the number of times microproration was done (n=150, *: p<0.05). The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Keywords: intrinsic viscosity, dextrans, Mark-Houwink parameters, hydrodynamic, temperature, Journal of Polymer and Biopolymer Physics Chemistry, 2013 1 (1),
These studies were carried out at the Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). These vibrations heat the skin tissue, triggering water vapor and cell ablation, forming microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis. Durand, A. Vemulapalli V, Bai Y, Kalluri H, Herwadkar A, Kim H, Davis SP, Friden PM, Banga AK. Hydrodynamic properties, such as the intrinsic viscosity, [], and equilibrium solution properties such as the hydrodynamic radius RH can be combined to construct dimensionless quantities that are universal since they are of being independent of the macromolecular particle size, while they depend more or less sensitively on its shape [51]. J Pharm Sci. Stenekes, R.J.H. 2013 May;64(3):346-54. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.734289. ACS Nano. where tr is the column retention time in minutes (2 of 0.9792). Determination of constants, kM-H and a, from the intrinsic viscosity data, requires a series of monodisperse polymer samples with known molecular weight or a series of polydisperse polymer samples with known viscosity average molecular weights, Mv. Indo AM J Pharm. The human and pig skin samples were placed in the receiver chamber of the Transdermal diffusion cell system with the SC facing up and the donor chamber was fixed in place. Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). Porcine wound models for skin substitution and burn treatment. Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. Kumar SV, Tarun P, Kumar TA. Gold MH, Biron JA. Biophysical Journal, 87, 4259-4270. A lot of research has been devoted to dextrans modification in order to describe special characteristics relevant to specific applications such as surfactants [16], as visible marker [17], polysaccharides-based nanoparticles, covalent crosslinking [18], ionic crosslinking, polyelectrolyte complex, and the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, and hydrophilic modified polysaccharides [19]. (1999). 2005;304(1):27486. dextran hydrodynamic radius. J. Braz. 151-166. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC WebThomas Gutberlet works at Jlich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2), Forsch and is well known for Lipoteichoic Acid, Neutron Reflectometry and Neutron Reflectivity. Named after George Gabriel Stokes, it is closely related to solute mobility, factoring in not only size but also solvent effects.A smaller ion with stronger hydration, for example, may have a greater Stokes radius than a larger ion with Hi Khanh, Alan is taking a little time off of Research Gate at the moment, but here is some information in reply to your question. Each skin pores was captured using a microscope and the obtained images were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Amersham Biosciences, AA Edition, www.amershambiosciences.com. California Privacy Statement, Eremeeva, T. E.; Bykova, T. O. European Polymer Journal, 36, 2143-2146. Ind. European. TdB Labs produce a wide range of FITC-derivatives (490 nm/520 nm) with a mean molecular weight ranging from 4 kDa to 2000 kDa. Catiker, E.; Guner, A. Dextran theta temperature between 43.14 and 44.44C for all the range of molecular weights explains the deviation at 45 and 50C [36, 37]. Thus, it is a common practice to express the frictional coefficient of rigid structures as. The value of kM-H in this work decreases with increasing temperature in contrast to published by reference [34] where kM-H increases. The effect of branching is best recognized from the molecular weight dependencies of []. (2006). These constants can be determined experimentally by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of several polymer samples for which the molecular weight has been determined by an independent method (i.e. Keratinocytes adjacent to the wound site induced by the microporation in the epidermis undergo a series of modifications that allow their proliferation and migration to the wound. Carbohydrate Polymers, 39, 377-380. (1958). European Polymer Journal, 43, 1744-1753. Progress in Measurement, Interpretation and Application to Structure in Dilute Solution. Epub 2022 Feb 2. The permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FITC-dextrans) with different molecular weights through the pig and human cadaver skins were measured using Franz diffusion cell. Granath, K. A. ; van Nostrum, C.F. 2. Article Differences were considered statistically significant at p <0.05. WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). Solutions of dextrans and blue dextrans (0.21.0 g/L) were prepared in 0.200 M NaCl (aq). Huang S, Huang G. Preparation and drug delivery of dextran-drug complex. Global hydrodynamic analysis of the molecular flexibility of galactomannans. 4K and M.W. A similar combination involves the intrinsic viscosity and specific volume: (a/b) is called Einstein viscosity increment, and Vs is specific volume (cm3/g). Degrees of long-chain branching in dextrans. Ther. The solutions were prepared in bidestilated water at 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 % wt. Dextran Utilization During Its Synthesis by Weissella cibaria RBA12 Can Be Overcome by Fed-Batch Fermentation in a Bioreactor. Because of the recent animal protection rules which have restricted animal experiments [19], we used human cadaver skin as an alternative to animals. Chen Rong Huei; Wei Yu Chen; Shang Ta Wang; Chu Hsi Hsu; Min Lang Tsai (2009). WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. There is a deviation from linearity after 580kDa [69, 70]. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Huggins, Maurice L. (1942). HSE and DK helped to porate the skin and to measure TEWL. Macromolecules, 31, 7712-7716. In this work, hydrodynamic properties are investigated in different dextran aqueous solutions with different molecular weights (8.8-2000kDa), in a temperature range from 20C to 50C. GYA primarily conducted research. The author thanks Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Project 2-81/11), FONCyT (PICT 2004-N23-2548 and PICT 2008-N21-84), and CONICET (PIP 6324 Res. Advances in Carbohydrate Analysis, 1, 63-144. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The particular dextrans which were used initially for conversion into synthetic blood-volume expanders [6, 7], human red blood cells aggregation for increasing the degree of polymerization and hence the molecular weight [8, 9, 10], hydrogels and microspheres [11], in drug transport system and its modifications as nanoparticles [12], in the removal through absorption of contaminant effluents such as heavy metals, organic molecules and inks [13], in the formation of biodegradable films [14, 15]. Calculation of MarkHouwinkSakurada (MHS) equation viscometric constants for chitosan in any solventtemperatura system using experimental reported viscometric constants data. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 148(1), 229-238. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Salunkhe SS, Bhatia NM, Pokharkar VB, Thorat JD, Bhatia MS. Topical delivery of idebenone using nanostructured lipid carriers: evaluations of sun-protection and anti-oxidant effects. Data File Dextran. The biological activity of cationic liposomes in drug delivery and toxicity test in animal models. This method utilizes promising strategies that have made a significant impact in transdermal delivery [6], they include: iontophoresis, microneedles, sonophoresis, radiofrequency (RF), and chemical enhancers [7,8,9,10,11]. Carbohydrate Research, 340, 811-826. 2018;1:10915. Macromolecules, 29, 2265-2268. Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2007). Pharm Res. Dextran molecular size and degree of branching as a function of sucrose concentration, pH, and temperature of reaction of. In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). We observe that this maximum radius is below Red blood cell rouleaux formation in dextran solution: dependence on polymer conformation. 2011;5(2):95132. Viscosity of Liquids. The flattening of the curves at higher molecular weight is in agreement with an increased branching density. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. 2012;101(8):28619. Hydrodynamic Properties of Tragacanthin. Gekko, K. (1971). Intrinsic viscosity determination offers a simple and useful method that requires low cost equipment and yields useful information on soluble macromolecules. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. 7 8 Dependence on Concentration. Lucifer yellow (LY) and FITC-labelled dextran stock solutions were prepared in Ringers-HEPES buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM CaCl 2, 1.2 mM MgCl 2, 5.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM NaHCO 3, 2.8 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES) and frozen at 20C. Figure3 shows a magnified image of human cadaver skin with microchannels formed by the microporation device (250kHz) and the skin closure over time. The molecular weight and Simha number do not change in this temperature range (Mw from 8.8-200kDa), P slightly change, showing modifications in the hydrodynamic properties of the biopolymer in aqueous solution as [] and RH. Advances in Cosmetic Surgery. 2019;9(3-S):9726. The microporation device based on radiofrequency can be used to enhance delivery efficiency by removing the epidermis layer. 20K groups (n=3, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01). The correct way to interpret what Mark-Houwink parameters is determined graphically ln [] versus ln Mw, where Mw is the molecular weight provided by manufacturer, and calculate the percentage relative error (%RE) respect to Mw. Would you like email updates of new search results? Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2012). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Macromolecules. Pharm Res. Home > 2022 > Junho > 22 > Uncategorized > dextran hydrodynamic radius. Liu Zonghua; Yanpeng Jiao; Yifei Wang; Changren Zhou; Ziyong Zhang (2008). The relation between Mw and the intrinsic viscosity is given by Mark-Houwink equation. Mark-Houwink-Kuhn-Sakurada Exponent at the Condition. FITC-dextran solution (600L) was added to the donor chamber. Int J Food Sci Nutr. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. MeSH Colloid Polym. Equivalent Radii and Ratios of Radii from Solution Properties as Indicators of Macromolecular Conformation, Shape, and Flexibility. Materiaux 1-5. Dextran is soluble in water, methyl sulphoxide, formamide, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 4-methylmorpholine-4-oxide, and hexamethyl phosphamide [4]. Measurements were made with a Ubbelohde C type suspended level viscometer [57] (IVA, Argentina); with a diameter capillary of 0.81mm and water draining time of 35.89s at 20C, with viscometer constant of 0.027883 mm2/s [58]. Dextran produced from Weissella cibaria JAG8 was purified and characterized. Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a polycation. Hydrodynamic radii were measured using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) in a Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS DLS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) at high scattering angle (173) to minimise the effects of dust and supramolecular contamination (NIBS, 173). The study of biopolymers as dextran in aqueous solution, is effectively determined by intrinsic viscosity [] measurements at different temperatures. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. (2007). A novel high dextran yielding Weissella cibaria JAG8 for cereal food application. Lim SB, Tingirikari JMR, Seo JS, Li L, Shim S, Seo JH, Han NS. Barrier integrity was examined using Tewameter to confirm the poration of human cadaver skin using a microporation device. Although, in literature there is much information on hydrodynamic measurements from determinations viscosity; very few of them evaluate the situation at different temperatures. Biomater Res 24, 22 (2020). (1999). Although we didnt conduct assay for inflammation, we could not find any inflammation symptoms such as redness, blisters, cracked, and thickening. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. DOI: 10.12691/jpbpc-1-1-3, Received September 18, 2013; Revised October 23, 2013; Accepted November 22, 2013. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Solution properties of branched dextran. Chem. Ioan, C.E. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was 2015;23(3):2239. The molecular weight of dextran samples can be obtained by a variety of methods including light scattering, HPLC/SEC, sedimentation, osmometry and end-group analysis. The skin was treated with the RF-based microporation device, inducing micropore ablation through alternating electrical current. Solvent effects on polysaccharide conformation. Increased epidermal laser fluence through simultaneous ultrasonic microporation. The Hydrodynamic Radii of Macromolecules and Their Effect on Red Blood Cell Aggregation. These results could be attributed to the differences in the in vivo and in vitro skin nutrients supply; with in vivo studies, the skin tissue is supplied nutrients directly from the blood vessels, but the human cadaver skin is supplied from the media, therefore, the skin tissue regeneration efficiency is low [26,27,28]. Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. 2010;4(1):117. The cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran 10 K was 4.82 0.32 M, in the human skin and 5.92 0.46 M in the pig skin. Synthesis of dextran by dextransucrase treated, sucrose-supplemented skimmed milk revealed the promising potential of dextran as a food additive. IV. (more or less, with a hydrodynamic radius of less than 100 nm) to cross from the vasculature into the interstitium. of different origins. TEWL measurements were performed before and 30min after microporation. Cite this article. Journal of Controlled Release, 119, 5-24. Biomaterials. Soc., 21, 1, 78-86. 2.It can be found from the figure that at the start-up stage of the shaft, the hydrodynamic effect (HE) is weak, so the HP is not enough to support the shaft, which Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 27, 795-810. 2015 Mar 17;6:155. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00155. Masuelli, M. A. FITC-dextran molecular weights; 4, 10, and 20kDa molecular weight were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). (2013). It has been found that, when applied to water treatment, it can effectively act on refractory organic matter in wastewater through thermal decomposition and water molecular action to produce free Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2014 Sep;5(9):2324-30. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00319e. WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter ( dh ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. Chromatographic characterization of polymers: Hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Drug Deliv Syst. Molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and molecular size of a native dextran. For a rigid or rod like polymer molecule that is greatly extended in solution, the Mark-Houwink a constant approaches to a value of 2.0 [48].The hydrodynamic radius (RH), for a sphere ((a/b) = 2.5) is given by the Einstein relation [49]. The relative browning for dextran from W. cibaria JAG8 was similar to commercial prebiotic Nutraflora P-95 and 3-fold lower than Raftilose P-95. Ortega, A.; Garca de la Torre, J. Dextran. Journal of Chemical Education, 80(9), 1036-1038. The numerical value of a indicates that dextrans acquire the shape of a rigid sphere in aqueous solution; and kM-H demonstrates that under water the value decreases with temperature [71, 72]. ; Bataille, B. The fact that the intrinsic viscosity of a given polymer sample is different according to the solvent used gives and insight about the general shape of polymer molecules in solution. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Radiofrequency with microneedling. An undergraduate physical chemistry experiment. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Ed., 9(2), 85-90. Kano S, Todo H, Furui K, Kenichi S, Tokudome Y, Hashimoto F, Kojima H, Sugibayashi K. Comparison of several reconstructed cultured human skin models by microscopic observation: their usefulness as an alternative membrane for skin in drug permeation experiments. Arch Dermatol Res. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Molecular weight, particle size and diffusion coefficient can be determined in many studies by Dynamic Light Scattering [20, 21, 22], Gel Permeation Chromatography [23], Analytical Ultracentrifuge [24, intrinsic viscosity [1, 7, 14], size exclusion chromatography / multiangle laser light scattering / differential viscometry, Flow Field-Flow Fractionation [25], and so on. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In a good solvent, a temperature increase results in an intrinsic viscosity decrease and in a less-extended conformation (RH<), because the entropy value increases with an increase in temperature and it is unfavorable for an extended conformation. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. These results indicate that healing and regeneration occurred in the human cadaver skin after the microporation. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. A simple way of universalizing the measurements is shown in figure 4 where there is a curve at each temperature for every molecular weight. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. Increased TEWL values are evidence of micropores formation. Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Hennink, W.E. Keywords: FITC dextran; intestinal permeability; transit time. Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. In general, Mv is not experimentally accessible, whereas other average molecular weights are accessible. Proc of SPIE. Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. Multiple Linear Least-Squares Fits with a Common Intercept: Determination of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Macromolecules in Solution. 2012;29(7):201729. In addition, we evaluated the regeneration of SC after microporation. 2000;3(9):31826. J. Phys. Anal. Biodegradable dextran hydrogels crosslinked by stereocomplex formation for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins. For a values from 0-0.5 a rigid sphere is predicted in a ideal solvent, from 0.5-0.8 a random coil in good solvent, and from 0.8-2 a rigid or rod like shape is expected (stiff chain). Biomaterials Research Biomacromolecules 8, 2464-2475. To overcome these limitations, microporation devices that act as therapeutic vehicles for delivering drug molecules across the skin barriers have been developed. Similar results are obtained in references [35, 36, 37], using a system of dextran / ethylene glycol, and dextran/dimethylsulfoxide, respectively. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation. Carbohydrate Polymers 95 360-365. 43-1, 115-147. Google Scholar. 2003;10:33847. Ubbelohde, Leo. The skin poration was performed using the microporation device (LG electronics, Korea). and transmitted securely. The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). 2004;25(9):155967. Senti, F. R.; Hellman, N. N.; Ludwig, G.; Babcock, E.; Tobin, R.; Class, C. A., (1955). Thermo Fisher Scientific. After 24h, the cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran M.W. ; Weisz, J. Alternatively, the value of qM-H can be calculated using numerical methods and other-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) according to where c and d are empirical polynomial functions of the exponent a. The genus Weissella: taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological potential. Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. Garcia de la Torre, J.; Carrasco, B. Barshtein, G.; Tamir, I.; Yedgar, S. (1998). He, L.; Niemeyer, B. The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. Fractional thermolysis by bipolar radiofrequency facilitates cutaneous delivery of peptide and siRNA with minor loss of barrier function. Universal size-independent quantities for the conformational characterization of rigid and flexible macromolecules. 2008;28(5):64557. ; Wood, P.J. Its Invariancy with Respect to the Cross-Sectional Dimensions of Polymer Chains. To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. European Polymer Journal, 42, 1086-1092. Web54 we estimated that the hydrodynamic radii of 3-5 kDa dextran, 20 kDa dextran, and 70 kDa dextran are 2 55 nm, 5 nm, and 6 nm, respectively. ; Garca de , J. Webwhittier union high school district superintendent. (2008). Pharmacol Pharm. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Journal Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 97, 295-301. WebThe hydrodynamic radius ( Rh) determined by our Fluidity instruments is the Stokes radius, or the size of a hard spherical particle that diffuses at the same rate as the protein (s) detected. Copyright 2006-2023 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 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