In 1589, Pope Sixtus V issued a papal bull approving the recruitment of castrati for the choir of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, continuing the biblical edict from first Corinthians that women "shall keep silence in the churches." Rimsky Korsakov wrote the opera which he knew as (The Maid of Pskov) in the period 1868-1872, a time when he was sharing an apartment (and a piano) with Mussorgsky who was writing Boris Godunov at the same time (on the same piano). Let us know! The broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to the 2000s. Instead, the kings, princes and other prominent members of . Solo, chamber, and orchestral repertoire from the Baroque master. The middle class had a huge impact on classical music. "), "A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera." what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera 12th June 2022 . The rise of opera in the late 16th and early 17th centuries was roundly condemned in some Catholic and Protestant quarters: frankly erotic stories, clothed in sensually beguiling music - surely this was the antithesis of pure . Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. While I dislike disassociating the voice from the body, the fetish in the 17th and 18th centuries for the soprano vocal range cannot be ignored. Incidental and Entr'acte music. It's not even past" (1950:73). The essays in our library are intended to serve as content examples to inspire you as you write your own essay. Fort Stewart Visitor Pass, Desire and Pleasure in Seventeenth-Century Music. Alongside the concerto came the classical Symphony that had its roots in the Italian Sinfonia but dramatically reformed in the 18th century. It was written for quite a strong cast with the mezzo-soprano castrato Carestini (creator of Ariodante) playing Oreste, Cecilia Young was Ifigenia, Anna Strada del Po (creator of Alcina) was Ermino and John Beard was . What hooks you? You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? "A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera." Bach and G.F. Handel. In my analysis of gender and sexuality, I focus on these three male characters: the title character Julius Caesar; Cleopatra's brother, King Ptolemy of Egypt; and Cleopatra's servant Nirenus. Kellyanne Mtv Plastic Surgery, 2009. What was the most important instrumental composition type or genre of the Classical Period? New Haven: Yale University Press. This held true for women as well as men, especially because for women, the castrato was safe. However, the musicians that belonged to the Baroque style composed their music in only one mood. That article (1) diagnoses why classical music -- both old and contemporary -- has lost its cultural vitality and (2) looks at some proposals for reviving it. First Nights at the Opera. The castrato as a blank canvas combined well with a period construction of "Italianness" in Great Britain. [viii] For example, see Bach (2009), Fagioli (2013), Hansen (2013), and Jaroussky (2007). Figure 1: Gaetano Berenstadt (left) and Senesino (right) flank Francesca Cuzzoni in a 1723 caricature by John Vanderbank of Handels Falvio (Kelly 2004:43). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Stephan Films. when does santa clara university send acceptance letters; atmakaraka conjunct rahu; brookport'' bridge closed; shooting in tuscaloosa today; paula benson stephen conroy When conducted before puberty, the surgery altered hormone levels in the male body and resulted in a comparatively plastic skeletal structure; a rounder, softer, and hairless face; and a body that was significantly larger than that of the average man. The first ever operas were written around 1600 by Baroque composers including Monteverdi and Cavalieri, and the genre quickly took off. (Columbia TriStar Home Video 10629). Later, a series of royal patents were granted to cities outside London. 2004. 21 March] 1685 - 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period.He is known for his orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata and . 2011. Classical music chords did not have as frequent harmonic changes as the baroque period which gave it a more graceful tone (Classical music period). Beyond the body of the castrato lies his voice. Read Chapter 1. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. By the Baroque era (1600-1750), opera had taken Europe by storm and was a spectacular, expensive affair full of florid arias and ornate stage sets with moving parts. In this one-sex model, the castrato, much like the pubescent boy, functions as a kind of middle ground. The possible exception is the trill that was often be used to demonstrate a performers virtuosity in a performance and used to bring a section of music to a rousing close. The harpsichord was the bread and butter of the Baroque world. Somi works with singers and instrumentalists in all sorts of . THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1775-1825) The Baroque period culminated in the masterpieces of J.S. [iv] Nor are they particularly appropriate. The Concerto continued its popularity into the Classical era but there was a move away from the Baroque Concerto Grosso towards the concerto for a single solo instrument plus orchestra. The German-born Handel was undoubtedly one of the greatest composers of all time. As a matter of fact, the Baroque performers were the first ones to establish the opera form of music genre. Then, by the beginning of the 19th century, Classical music gave its place to the Romantic era. The lens is Georg Frideric Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto or "Julius Caesar in Egypt." [ii] I examine gender and sexuality interpretations that result from what has been called the "castrato problem." While this and many other baroque works were written specifically for . @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } }
Getting Bigger Xenoblade, The Classical musicians strictly followed certain rules and regulations while composing music. As a result, new instruments like the clarinet found favour in this orchestral setting as well as a solo instrument in its own right. [v] This era witnessed a phenomenon called the "Grand Tour," an opportunity for British men of the upper classes "to escape the prying eyes and gossiping tongues of London polite society and indulge their passions, notably classical art and the 'sodomitical vice,' in the place that was thought of as synonymous with both: Italy" (Thomas 2006:173). 3. 54. "Introduction." One significant difference was the emergence of the String Quartet and Quintet. For example, there is the gender bending outfit Ptolemy wears during his aria "Belle dee di questio core." With the freedom, Baroque composers became the first to establish opera form of music genre. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Ethnomusicology Review Indeed, as I will suggest, consideration of how composition may have been understood in the seventeenth century raises problems with generally held views on stylistic history in music and, in particular, on the definition of the musical Baroque. In fact, the musicians of the Baroque genre were the first ones to use multiple instruments. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. "Sounding Board" is intended as a space for scholars to publish thoughts and observations about their current work. The genre opera was created in the early seventeenth century in Florence, Italy. . Horsley showed that what early German musicologists took to be a uni-fied tradition of 'continuo' playing actually repre-sents several distinct practices that did not fully merge until the eighteenth century. Bella! The Classical period expanded upon the Baroque . It is often referred to as antiquated, out of touch, a museum. Difference Between Carnatic and Classical, Difference Between Rock Music and Classical Music. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Keyser, Dorothy. His work has shifted from the radicalism of Einstein on the Beach (1976) to the . Classical music may also be described as "art music" though it was not good in classical period that term also . A Matter of Boxes, 1883-1884. 1. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy [n 1] (3 February 1809 - 4 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, [n 2] was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. It is a remarkably short opera, with three acts lasting a mere 160 minutes, which is quite brief by Handelian opera seria terms. Figure 5: Vaslav Nijinsky as the Faun in the 1912 production of L'aprs-midi d'un faune (from http://thebestofhabibi.com/vol-18-no-3-march-2001/ballet-as-ethnic-dance/). Gradually the classical performers dominated the music scene of the major part of Europe. The classical period (c1750-1800) Two developments ended the hegemony of serious opera (opera seria). There is a problem though, particularly in the passions, of narrative, since the music alternatively presents the story, (recitatives and some choruses) then comments on it from outside, (arias) and then speaks for the audience (chorales). The Classical period used piano as the main instrument to perform their composition. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. Baroque. The piano instead of plucking the strings like the harpsichord strikes the strings with a hammer. "Unveiled Voices: Sexual Difference and the Castrato." Opera is a popular style . Paano Mapapahalagahan Ang Mga Kontribusyon Ng Sinaunang Kabihasnan, . 1950. The Brainly community is constantly buzzing with the excitement of endless collaboration, proving that learning is more fun and more effective when we put our heads together. Classical music began with the invention of the sonata. The 2005 Glyndebourne Festival Opera version instead features two countertenors as Ptolemy and Nirenus and a woman en travesti or in drag playing Caesar. Perhaps the most important ideological debate-for this topic, anyway-of the 19th century was the one between whether new is better than old or old is better than new. To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. It was a play based on an allegory or mythology and had songs, dances, poetry, sometimes recitatives, and instrumental pieces. The stereotypically masculine movement quality that Connolly brings to the role is thrown into high relief when contrasted with Ptolemy's immature or somehow "gay" movement quality in the recitative preceding Caesar's aria "Va tacito e nascosto" (0:12-0:30 and 1:05-1:35). This. Even Bach and Beethoven set the Catholic Mass in great symphonic and orchestral renderings. CD (Virgin Classics 5099969456404). From the point of view of at least one modern lesbian, there is an "interplay of erotically charged identification and difference" in casting a woman to play the character of a man (Blackmer and Smith 1995:5). The Council of Trent met from 1545 to 1563 to discuss . Austria. Find information about registered charities in England and Wales, including. The ABA aria form did n't match the flow of the story . Boileau, Saint-Evremond, and Bossuet were among the most rigorous detractors of the tragedie en musique, and their complaints are cited in many studies concerned with the birth of opera in France.1 Consequently, early French opera is often considered deficient, flawed, Illustrations: 47 b/w images, 20 tables. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e, ("A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera. CMUSE is a participant of the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program it is designed to provide an aid for the websites in earning an advertisement fee by means of advertising and linking to Amazon.com products. The first was the posthumous success of Pergolesi's 1733 subversive Neapolitan comedy, La . As the castrati rose in popularity, the number of "tragic accidents" escalated, and it was estimated that some 4000 Italian boys were castrated per year by the early 18th century (Berry 2011:18). Caesar might be a man, but Sarah Connolly is not, and there are distinct same-sex erotic moments in this duet as a result. This style is most evident in keyboard and orchestral 23, Scarlatti; Piano Sonata in D major Kk. This is the approach that violinist Chlo Hanslip takes. Trumpets, timpani and larger string sections divided specifically into violins 1 & 2, violas, cellos and double basses became commonplace in the Classical orchestra. In the middle of the eighteenth century, contemporaneous with the mature years of Bach and Handel, a new musical style developed that is known as Rococo or preclassical style. CD (Nave V 5333). Chamber music flourished in both the Baroque and the Classical periods of music. In his aria, Ptolemy alternates stereotypically gay, feminine, or effeminate movements with hypermasculine gestures. You can export up to 10,000 records. Some of the famous classical composers are Haydn, Beethovan, Mozart and Schubert. 2000. Farinelli, il Castrato. Musicologist Roger Freitas has documented the castrato Atto Melani, who had several homosexual affairs with patrons; it is likely that other castrati also had sex with men (2009:101). 19th, not 20th. From among these composers, Haydn was one of the first composers to develop the sonata form as well as the piano trios. For many years, members of the Bach family throughout Thuringia had held positions such as organists, town instrumentalists, or Cantors . Who Does April End Up With Tmnt 2012, what complaints did classical society make against baroque opera, https://www.clearwayds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/logoFinal-1.png, Copyright - 2017 - Clearway Drainage -, Aztec Clay Mask And Apple Cider Vinegar For Hair, Slow Cooked Lamb Shoulder Curry On The Bone, Paano Mapapahalagahan Ang Mga Kontribusyon Ng Sinaunang Kabihasnan. The most traumatic era in the entire history of Roman Catholicism, some have argued, was the period from the middle of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. Castration is the surgical removal of the testicles. it's more of a parable warning against the dangers of fame. This idea that the past is always present is at the heart of this paper. The ABA or ABACA rondo style of the classical musicians is an example for that. This was the time when Protestantism, through its definitive break with Roman Catholicism, arose to take its place on the Christian map. 443 Haydn; Piano Sonata in C major; H.XVI, Vivaldi; Sinfonia for Strings in C major, RV 112 Mozart; Symphony No. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. However, no matter what option a contemporary director chooseswhether to transpose the music down for a bass, or cast a woman in drag, or countertenorthe sound and/or the sex of the contemporary performer still differs from that of the castrati. In comparison, the bass sings too low, the woman in drag is too female, and the countertenor's voice sounds too thin and reedy. received formal, classical training at the Munich Academy of Music. 2005. No matter what sexual acts a woman might perform with a castrato, he was physically incapable of causing any scandalous pregnancies. [vi] Therefore, the blank canvas of the castrati might easily include projections of sexual desire from audience members by virtue of their Italianness. Blackmer, Corrine E. and Patricia Juliana Smith. The experimental Opera Factory worked to make opera less artificial and relate to real people. ISBN: 9780520250338. Consequently, noblemen returning from the Grand Tour brought back an understanding and perhaps an appreciation of the increasing Italian tolerance for sodomy. 1987/88. Additionally, their extensive hip movements are more typically associated with women, as is the hand on the hip. To examine these audience interpretations, I wish to contrast the meanings of historical and contemporary constructions of gender and sexuality as they relate to Georg Frederick Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto. This preview is partially blurred. Published: June 10, 2016 at 8:45 am. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. Giulio Cesare. Question Assignment Part V- Classical Period, Question Assignment Part V (5)- Classical Period, What was the most important instrumental composition type or genre of, C Claude Debussy B Maurice Ravel D Alban Berg, A Neoclassicism C Impressionism B Primitivism. Berkeley: University of California Press. In the treatises of the seventeenth century, harmonythat is, figured bass realizationseems . This popularity, in turn, lead to some of the most extraordinary keyboard works ever composed and the prominence of the Sonata as a musical form. `Full and Short Scores' in early Baroque organ parts ( Journal of the American Musicological Society, 30 (1977), 194-208). We'll take a look right away. Connolly performs a very masculine Caesar, who swaggers around the stage with a decisive step, or who sits with feet planted firmly apart, a body full of straight lines with few curves. Pianist, composer, and improviser Gabriela Montero is speaking out against corruption in Venezuela, her home country, using the most powerful way she knows how: music. Shop Ross-Simons for the finest collection of fine jewelry, gifts and more since 1952. Consequently, the first note sung by a countertenor on the operatic stage immediately reads as some kind of queer to contemporary audiences, for surely any "normal" man would choose to sing in his chest voice. For example, the luxuriant manner in which he removes and swirls his robe and slinks around the stage as compared with the pose in front of the mirror and the somersault, which have an almost violent flavor to them. What makes you cringe? The characters also are more physically affectionate. Your email address will not be published. They wear fantastic costumes and commit extraordinary acts of violence. For me, Sondheim is one of those. This is not the case with the classical performers. (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! [iii] Boys were castrated before the onset of puberty in order to preserve their fine high singing voices, a goal unfortunately not always realized. Almost all cliches were new and even revelatory when first introduced. Please listen, enjoy and use as you will. They concentrated on improvisation too. The classical and baroque periods brought in the great orchestral or "Classical" Masses, by composers such as Mozart, Schubert, Scarlatti, and many others. A comparison of the similarities and differences between baroque and classical opera. The Sonata became a three-movement form (Fast Slow Fast), and was a key factor in the advancement of symphonic music in the Classical Era and onwards into the Romantic period of music. Its use has been described as "musical bug . S Bach is textural complexity and the dominance of polyphonic writing. June Mendoza: brushes with the Queen, Prince Philip and Mrs T. Princess Diana was "a dear", but Mrs Thatcher was hard to pin down. Through May 1 at California Theatre, 345 S. First Street, San Jose. Glyndebourne Festival Opera, William Christie, conductor, David McVicar, director (OA 0950 D). An unidentified participant, whose name and image were blacked out (very likely a plant), asked her, out of the blue, how she could justify having produced Franz Lehr's allegedly racist (in this case, allegedly anti-Asian) operetta Das Land des Lchelns ( The Land of Smiles) several years earlier. Perhaps more usefully, musicologist Dorothy Keyser characterizes the castrato in baroque society as an ambiguous figure, a blank canvas upon which any sexual role might be projected (1987/88:49-50). While this and many other baroque works were written specifically for castrati, the vocal superstars of the baroque era, the cessation of castration as a practice has thankfully forced contemporary opera directors to make a variety of choices when casting roles originally written for castrati. We are discussing the specific meaning in this section. Both time periods impacted the development of music and social tendencies in a crucial way. For me, Sondheim is one of those. Although these musicians and composers could hardly turn themselves into castrati, they could compose for them and promote them. Although we do not know as much about the actual premier of Giulio Cesare as we would like, scholars such as Thomas Laqueur have been able to uncover a great deal about sexuality and gender constructs during this era. What city was the musical center of Europe? Now, as she turns 98, the portraitist looks back at a life on . In Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology, edited by Ed. Contemporary directors, therefore, have a variety of options open to them that can only approximate the castrato sound. One of the outstanding differences between these key periods of Western Classical Music is the change in creative thinking. Similarities and Differences Between Baroque and Classical Opera Baroque and Classical operas, though from very different time periods, carry some similar fundamental traits. His costume is reminiscent of that worn in 1910 by Vaslav Nijinsky, the queer choreographer for Les Ballets Russes, in their production of Scheherazade (see figure 4). Caristini: The Story of a Castrato. Classical (1750 - 1820) The term "Classical Music" has two meanings. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? These musical ornaments became less of a feature in the Classical period as composers strove for the purity of melodic line with balance and poise. All three performers also exchange occasional flirtatious glances (0:17-0:45).[vii]. It is firmly believed that the Baroque style overlapped with the classical type in the course of time. Faade of the former Theatre Royal, Truro. (Specics on this later.) The musicians strictly followed certain rules and regulations while composing music. These postings are not peer reviewed and do not reflect the opinion of Ethnomusicology Review. Here, as Susan McClary might say, Sarah Connolly and Danielle de Niese's voices "intertwine, take turns being on top, rub up against each other in aching dissonances, [and] resolve sweetly together" (2012:101). Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonies, concertos, piano music, organ music and chamber music. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. This really helped with my report!!! The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e. Countertenors are defined as men who develop their falsetto range, sometimes called the head voice. Fagioli, Franco, countertenor. Richardson's attorneys tried to file a class-action lawsuit, citing the widespread practice of chaining up prisoners. It is music that has been composed by musicians who are trained in the art of writing music and written down in music notation so that other musicians can play it. But within two Hip hop culture took root on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe in the 1980s, a former French colony where a sugar plantation economy based on slave labor was established during the 18th century Atlantic slave trade. 2002. In this dance sequence, Nirenus and hisinterestingly male and not femalebackup dancers perform a number drawing on conventional Bollywood choreography with campy and effeminate gestures. Incidental and Entr'acte music Incidental music was composed to be played during the action scenes in plays. All of the recordings on this site are freely available - for you to download & listen, burn to CDs, share (eMail) to anyone, use in school assignments or as incidental music for plays, for software games, background music for period events (Renaissance fairs), Youtube videos, et c. In other words, none of this stuff is for sale. FBC RV: INTRODUCTION: Mary Gentle has written a couple of the most memorable sffnal novels I've read, namely the two alt-history novels A Sundial in the Grave: 1610 and Ilario, both deserving a place on my all time "more favorites list". [iii] See for example, essays in Tougher (2002). Baroque music as we can clearly hear in the music of a composer such as J. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. In the 17th and 18th centuries, words we use now to construct gender and/or sexuality identities like "gay," "lesbian," "queer," and "heterosexual" did not yet exist. the elements of Opera - Opera characters are people overwhelmed by love, lust, hatred and revenge. Phdessay is a group of experienced scholarly experts who can help you with writting your essay We have more than 1.000.000 free essay examples online for you Posted June 2, 2008. South Korean-born New Zealand pianist Somi Kim is a highly accomplished collaborative pianist working in the UK. Musical structures and forms began to change from Baroque to Classical. Faulkner, William. "In Italy as many as 4,000 boys were castrated each year for about 100 years. The Franco-Canadian design-and-direction duo of (Andr) Barbe & (Renaud) Doucet have actually set their Flute within an Edwardian grand hotel. As you can see, the difference between Baroque and Classical lies in what type of music each produced, what musical instruments they used, at what period in history they existed, etc. Early operas used dramatic text and music to express their stories, which were often based on Classical Greek and Roman mythology. Much of the plot includes political (and romantic) maneuverings on the part of Cleopatra as she attempts to seduce Caesar into supporting her as the sole ruler against her brother, Ptolemy. Differences between Baroque and Classical music. The castrati are still fetishized, as evidenced by the recent surge of interest in Baroque repertoire in general and in the number of countertenors recording albums explicitly dealing with the castrati. Harris, Ellen T. 2001. The baroque opera and the practice of musical performing, both have similar numerous and unpredictable ways to succeed. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. Classical music may have the reputation of being a refined and rather genteel genre, but controversies and scandals abound in its history - consider the ongoing provocations of Wagner, or . Castrato. The Decline of Medieval Theatre. In my mediation, I want to take several voices from the past and, hoping that I do not put too many words in their mouths, contrast their constructed realities with related constructs in the present. There is also the aria "Chi perde un momento" sung by Nirenus. 2012. In contrast to the Baroque musicians, the classical performers enjoyed no freedom and hence could not concentrate on improvisation. Much political turmoil - no reliable political structure. The Castrato and His Wife. The Franco-Canadian design-and-direction duo of (Andr) Barbe & (Renaud) Doucet have actually set their Flute within an Edwardian grand hotel. 2007. It acted as a solo instrument and also as the basso continuo with cello or double bass that accompanied a broad variety of Baroque music. From among these composers, Haydn was one of the first composers to develop the sonata form as well as the piano trios. This fetish began in 1580, when Duke Alfonso d'Este formed the concerto delle donnea small ensemble of accomplished female singersto entertain his new bride in Ferrara, Italy. [ii] There have been several attempts to untangle the sexuality of Handel himselfindeed, a cantata text written for him by Cardinal Pamphili in 1707 directly compares Handel to the mythological Orpheus who, even then, "provided a double emblem of musician and homosexual" (Harris 2001:2). My audience, and reviewers, have frequently highlighted my unique choreography and stagecraft, my ability to adapt and fuse the best that the world of International dance and music has to offer . Jaroussky, Philippe. Classical opera as a term can refer to operas that were composed during the Classical Era (1750-1820), or can more broadly encompass operas composed in a classical style. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-comparison-of-the-similarities-and-differences-between-baroque-and-classical-opera-4rYORs9e. Tonality is a dominant feature of Classical music with a strong pull towards creating musical pieces that rotate around tonic and dominant harmony. The music was too heavy and complex . On the contrary, the musicians that belonged to the Baroque style composed their music in only one mood. They wanted music to be available in their homes as well as easy enough for their children to take lessons to learn it. In 1933, Ben-Haim, along with other trained artists and composers, immigrated to Palestine as part of the Fifth Aliyah. Their hands form sinuous curves, at times as though as they are manipulating skirts, and they clearly have fun with the stereotype of the gay man with limp wrists. .
Portrait of the Castrato: Politics, Patronage, and Music in the Life of Atto Melani.