Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). By using this website, you agree to our 2003;41:26887. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Int J Radiat Biol. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. radiations. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. 2014;9:e95503. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Article Ning et al. 2010;1347:17985. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Mortazavi et al. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Suhhova et al. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Int J Radiat Biol. 1999;9:3438. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. radiation with wavelengths. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. 2014;53:22230. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Abe M, Bonini NM. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. . Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Electromagn Biol Med. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Wang et al. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Google Scholar. PLoS One. 2016;25:31827. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Xiong et al. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Clin Neurophysiol. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. PubMed [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Google Scholar. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Front Neurosci. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Electromagn Biol Med. 1984;11:4760. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. statement and Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. 2006;27:295306. Military Medical Research Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Dasdag et al. CAS J Natl Cancer Inst. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. 2011;31:2293301. 2002;64:31353. Singh et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. 2015;140:23646. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Qutob et al. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Neurol Sci. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Cookies policy. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Synapse. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Motawi et al. 2003;140:147. Gene. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Zhao et al. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Sci STKE. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. 2016;74:99107. California Privacy Statement, 2012;31:25074. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2013;42:428. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116].
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